Complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides (chains of monosaccharides): glycogen, starches, and dietary fibers.
Resistant starches: a few starches are classified as dietary fibers, known as resistant starches. They escape digestion and absorption in SI. Resistant starch is common in whole legumes, raw potatoes, and unripe bananas.
Phytic acid: often accompany dietary fiber in the same foods. Phytic acid and fibers both can bind minerals and prevent their absorption.
Ptyalin (Salivary amylase)
Pancreatic amylase, Maltase, sucrase, lactase.
Monosaccharides enter the caillaries of intestinal villi, and travel to liver via portal vein.
In liver, galactose and fructose are converted to glucose.
Lactose intolerance: caused by lactase deficiency ß age, damaged intestinal villi, or diarrhea, or malnutrition.
In many cases, lactose-intolerant people can tolerate fermented milk products, such as yogurt and kefir.
Kefir: fermented milk, lactose-free.
Molasses: thick dark syrup produced from sugar cane.
Brown sugar: refined white sugar with molasses. 91 - 96% pure sucrose.
Confectioner’s sugar糖粉: finely powdered sucrose, 99.9% pure.
Corn sweeteners: corn syrup.
Dextrose: an older name for glucose.
Granulated sugar砂糖: crystalline sucrose. 99.9% pure.
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS): a syrup made from cornstarch that has been treated with an enzyme that converts some glucose to fructose. Its chemical structure is similar to sucrose.
Nectar花蜜: a sweet liquid secretion that is attractive to pollinators
Invert sugar转化糖： a mixture of equal parts of glucose and fructose resulting from the hydrolysis of sucrose; found naturally in fruits; sweeter than sucrose; help preserve food.
Levulose: an older name for fructose.
Turbinado: made by steaming unrefined raw sugar. Turbinado sugar is similar in appearance to brown sugar but paler
